Nestled within the verdant expanse of Sanjay Gandhi National Park in northern Mumbai, Tulsi Lake stands as a vital freshwater reservoir and a serene ecological retreat. As one of the three prominent lakes on Salsette Island alongside Powai Lake and Vihar Lake Tulsi Lake plays a crucial role in Mumbai’s water supply system while also serving as a sanctuary for wildlife and nature enthusiasts.
Location and Importance
Tulsi Lake is located in Maharashtra, specifically in the northern region of Mumbai. It lies within the protected boundaries of Sanjay Gandhi National Park, also known as Borivali National Park (BNP), which is one of Asia’s most significant urban green spaces. The lake is the second largest in Mumbai, following Vihar Lake, and is characterized by its freshwater composition.
Its primary function is to supply potable water to the southern parts of Mumbai. Managed jointly by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) and the Sanjay Gandhi National Park Authority, Tulsi Lake is a critical component of the city’s water infrastructure. The lake’s pristine catchment and regulated access ensure the quality of water remains high, making it a dependable source for urban consumption.
Historical Background
The idea of constructing Tulsi Lake was conceived in 1872, and the project reached completion in 1897. The lake was formed by damming the River Tasso, whose flow was redirected to the nearby Vihar Lake. Tulsi Lake was originally designed as a backup reservoir to support Vihar Lake, especially during periods of high demand or low rainfall.
This strategic planning reflects the foresight of colonial engineers who recognized the growing needs of Mumbai’s population and the importance of sustainable water management. Over a century later, Tulsi Lake continues to fulfil its intended purpose, underscoring its enduring relevance.
Geography and Hydrography
Tulsi Lake’s catchment area spans approximately 6.76 square kilometers (2.61 square miles), with the highest hill in the region rising to about 400 meters. The lake itself covers a surface area of 1.35 square kilometers (135 hectares) and has an average depth of 12 meters.
At full supply level (FSL), the lake boasts a gross storage capacity of 2,294 million imperial gallons (10,430,000 cubic meters). It supplies around 4 million imperial gallons (18,000 cubic meters) of water daily to Greater Mumbai. The highest recorded overflow level at the dam is 139.17 meters (456.6 feet).
Tulsi Lake is heavily influenced by the southwest monsoon, which typically arrives in mid-June and lasts until September. The region receives an average annual rainfall of about 2,500 mm, with July and August being the wettest months. Rainwater from the Powai-Kanheri hill ranges, covering a catchment of 676 hectares, feeds the lake. During heavy rains, excess water flows into Powai Lake and eventually into the Mithi River.
Ecology and Biodiversity
The lake is surrounded by thick, moist deciduous vegetation that thrives on the hilly slopes of the national park. This undisturbed forest cover plays a vital role in maintaining the ecological balance and water quality of the lake.
Tulsi Lake is home to a variety of flora and fauna, most notably the freshwater crocodiles known as Mugger or Marsh crocodiles. These reptiles have found a sustainable habitat in the lake, and their presence adds to the ecological richness of the area. The surrounding forest also supports numerous bird species, including migratory birds, making it a hotspot for birdwatchers and wildlife enthusiasts.
Tourism and Conservation
Tulsi Lake is a Hidden Gem for nature lovers and eco-tourists. Its location within Sanjay Gandhi National Park makes it an ideal destination for those seeking tranquility and a close encounter with nature. The presence of crocodiles in the lake led park authorities to establish a dedicated crocodile park, enhancing the educational and conservation value of the site.
Visitors can enjoy guided nature walks, birdwatching, and photography, all while learning about the lake’s ecological significance. However, due to its protected status and the presence of wildlife, access to Tulsi Lake is regulated. Entry permits are required and can be obtained from the park authorities.
How to Get There
Tulsi Lake is well-connected by various modes of transport:
- Nearest Airport: Sahar International Airport, approximately 20 km away.
- Nearest Railway Station: Borivali East on the Western Railways, about 6 km from the lake.
- From CST: The lake is around 38 km from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST), Mumbai’s historic railway station.
The best time to visit Tulsi Lake is during the monsoon season, when the landscape is lush and the lake is brimming with water. The rains also bring out the vibrancy of the forest and increase the chances of spotting wildlife.
A Model of Urban Sustainability
Tulsi Lake exemplifies the delicate balance between urban development and environmental conservation. As Mumbai continues to grow, the lake remains a testament to the city’s commitment to preserving natural resources and biodiversity. Its integration into the Sanjay Gandhi National Park ensures that it is not only a source of water but also a living ecosystem that supports countless species.